Greetings. Attached here with my disquisition of what have been taught in the fifth ZT 2253 Pengurusan Emosi lecture. The lecture started off with the briefing of the next assignment at first. Then, it has been continued with the topic emotion and motivation.
Emotion is defined by its effective tone, it can either be negative or positive but never neutral. On the other hand, motivation is generally thought of as the study of the directional and energizing aspect of behavior. There are basically four components of emotions and they include a feeling state, a cognitive process, the physiological changes and the associated behaviors. Hence, emotion brings about a broader meaning as compared to feelings. According to Baron and Logan in the year of 1993, emotion cannot be separated from motivation, whereas based on Lang et al's theory in 1992, emotion is actually a motivation to actions and also, motive can be emotional. For examples, love as an emotion can affect one to be involved in certain actions like texting, calling, making love and marrying. This can also be seen in other cases. For instance, the urge and desperation for money can cause one to commit crimes or even, murder. Although these 2 theories can be justified, but still, not in all the cases. In some situations, emotions can't be the motivation. Or in other words, not all the motivators are based on emotions. For instance, the hunger motive and the achievement motive. You eat because you are hungry and we study hard to strive in examinations. In these ways, there is nothing to do with our emotions.
In addition, emotion is a state of arousal involving facial and body changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings and tendencies towards actions and these are all being shaped by cultural rules. Besides, emotion can also be considered as an adaptive response of our body. In this way, emotions serve our body's adaptive response to events in the environment and they assist in communicating our intentions to others. In other words, emotion is used as sort of like a preparation for actions. Emotions arouse us to move, take action and cope. For example, a happy emotion prompts us to be cheerful and joyful and hence we communicate well with the people around us and we tend to be more optimistic in whatever we are doing.
Moving on to motivation. It is the aspect of selection of processes, according to Bickhard in the year of 1997. Motivation is the anticipation of what is going to happen in the future. Mook, in the year of 1996, refer motivation to as what makes a person to do one thing rather than another, which are the processes of the selection of the course of further activity, of further interative activity. In other explanations, motivation is the factor within and outside an organism that causes it to behave in a certain way at a certain time, drive is an internal condotion or impulse that activates behavior to reduce a need and restore homeostasis and lastly, incentive is the external goal that 'pulls' or 'pushes' behavior. They are inter-related.
On further explanation, drive is the hub of many central drive systems which lies in the hypothalamus. We will first need to understand that homeostasis is the constancy of internal condotions that the body must actively maintain. Drives may be due to an upset in homeostasis, including behavior to correct the imbalance. Animals do behave in accordance with their tissue needs, for examples, increasing or decreasing calorie intake and the drive for salt. However, homeostasis cannot explain all drives.
On the other hand, incentive is any factor, either financial or non-financial, that provides a motive for a particular course of action, or count as a reason for preferring one choice to alternative. There are three types of incentives, which are financial, moral and coercive.
Besides, instincts are unlearned, inherited fixed action patterns of responses or reactions to certain kinds of stimuli. It is in an inherent disposition. For examples, animal fights, animal courtship behavior, internal escape functions and building of nests. In real life, instincts can lead us to predict our future in based on our intuition rather than facts and logical reasoning. The arousal theory says that arousal is a physiological and psychological state of being awake. People are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal which is neither too high nor too low. Moreover, curiosity motive helps us to understand our environment better. For humanistic theories, Abraham Maslow suggested that motives are divided into several levels from basic survival needs to psychological and self-fulfillment needs.
As a conclusion for the relationship between emotion and motivation, emotion emphasizes arousal while motivation emphasizes action.
After that, the lecture has been continued with another topic which is FKP Theory which stands for physiological, cognitive and psychoanalytical theories. The first theory discussed in the lecture is the physiological theory. Physiological-oriented theorists emphasized that emotion is primarily a product of brain and nervous system. Its origin is the physiological reactions to stimuli. The major approaches of this theory include the James-Lange theory, the Cannon Bard theory as well as the Psychobiological theories. The James-Lange theory is the oldest psychological theory of experience of emotion, which is formulated by William James in 1884. This theory is supported by Carl Lange and became the James-Lange Theory. Its hypothesis is physiological reactions to a stimulus trigger emotions.
Cannon and Phillip, on the other hand, presented Cannon Bard Theory. They proposed that internal or external stimuli lead to sensory impulses that are sent to the cortex of the brain and then sensation of emotion is produced as well as a stimulus simultaneously lead to both body responses and emotional sensation.
The Psychobiological Theory is developed by Jack Panksepp in the years 1982 anf 1992. Panksepp states that the basic emotions are related to specific neural circuits. He proposes four basic emotions which are fear, rage, panic and expectancy, each of which is associated with a command system in the brain. These four then interacts to produce other emotions.
That's all about my disquisition of lecture five of ZT 2253. Thank you.
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